Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy

'This book provides an historically sound and philosophically sophisticated overview not only of medieval debates concerning the angelic freedom to sin, but also of the relevant discussions about human freedom. It should be read by anyone who is interested in the conditions under which wrongdoing might be possible.' Thomas Osborne, University of St Thomas, Houston

'This is a work of notable scholarship and yet, unlike most such works, eminently readable. I have not enjoyed a philosophical book so much for a long time.' Alasdair MacIntyre

'The book excels in many categories, most obviously in its patient, lucid, methodical presentation of often frustratingly complex ideas. I would like to focus on a feature of the work that readers may overlook: It tells a story about the development of ideas about free will, control, and autonomy that serves as a model for outstanding philosophical pedagogy for anyone who needs to teach or write on 'multigenerational' history of philosophy. For most of the book, Hoffmann 'vanishes', bringing each medieval philosopher to center stage. The book thereby avoids devolving into mere summary or into anachronistic discussions that showcase contemporary concerns over and above those of the philosophers under discussion.' Jeffrey Hause, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

'He [Hoffman] has set a very high standard for a differentiated treatment of the intriguing issues of intellectualism versus voluntarism, ignorance and evildoing, freedom and necessity in late medieval debates – a standard future studies on these topics are well advised to adhere to.' Jörn Müller, Vivarium

'This text will be essential for anyone interested in western medieval philosophy. From the clear definition and contextualization of key terms and figures to the breadth of philosophers discussed, it provides the reader with the necessary tools to thoroughly engage in some of the most contentious philosophical debates of the Scholastics.' Joseph Madonna, Augustinian Studies

'Hoffmann conducts a magisterial scholarly performance, examining in clear, cogent detail contributions by scores of medieval figures, some obscure, some famously sainted, who grapple with this most fundamental of human questions. Hoffmann's prose and voice, passim, could not be more humane and attentive to readers' needs, in a virtuoso display of critical analysis, while tackling one of the most complicated issues in medieval philosophic history. As you read, you'll find yourself gazing up into the empyrean after every few pages contemplating the human will and the entire structure of the psyche, and how all human action is informed either by desire or by reason or by a battle between the two. The magisterial book has copious footnotes and concludes with a hearty bibliography, an index of manuscripts, and a dense general index. When I finished this book, I felt like I had lost a friend, or a hundred friends that I had been debating with. Provocative intellectual pleasures, not sinful ones, abound on every well-wrought page.' Michael Calabrese, Medieval Review

'Hoffmann collects with exemplary diligence the relevant texts, offering expert information about chronology as he goes, and providing comprehensive references to the large and multilingual secondary literature. No one should think of starting their research on this subject anywhere but here. Chapter by chapter, [he] provides the best narrative of these issues that's currently available, going back as needed to discuss figures like Augustine, Anselm, and Bernard of Clairvaux, but focusing on the period from Bonaventure and Aquinas to Peter Auriol and William of Ockham. There's no disputing the broad contours of his story: that the debate over free will takes on a special richness beginning in the mid-thirteenth century, and that discussions of the origin of sin shed a particular light on essential aspects of the debate. On every page, there's much to be learned from the fine-grained details of his narrative, and when Hoffmann turns to synthesis, as on page 93, he does it with crystalline clarity.' Robert Pasnau, The Philosophical Review

'His study is innovative in at least three respects. First, it sheds new light on well-known theories. Second, Hoffmann's study is also innovative because it includes a number of rather unknown authors who are often neglected in textbooks and standard histories of medieval philosophy. In fact, he shows that it is in these 'minor authors' that one finds some of the most remarkable contributions to the debate. Third, Hoffmann's study is remarkable because it does not simply present a series of medieval theories. It goes beyond a mere historical reconstruction by pointing out a deep problem that is already mentioned at the beginning of the book and stated again at the end: 'Despite important differences, all thinkers converge on the idea that a perverse choice lacks an ultimate explanation'. Hoffmann's rich and detailed book is to be recommended to anyone interested in this fundamental problem.' Dominik Perler, Journal of the History of Philosophy

'Exceptionally well written and thoroughly engaging, this is an excellent resource for those interested in free will, moral agency, and/or Christian philosophy. Recommended.' W. Simkulet, Choice

'… highly original … rich and detailed …' Dominik Perler, Journal of the History of Philosophy

'The book will be useful to many medievalists … namely the richness of the exposed content which makes this book a tool for better understanding the relationship between intellect and will, as well as the theory of free choice in many medieval thinkers.' Joel Biard, Archives de philosophie

'Hoffmann is an expert guide, and is able both to cast new light on the more-or-less well-known material that constitutes the first part of his project, and to give a clear and compelling account of the largely novel material that can be found in the second part of it.' Richard Cross, The Thomist

'Hoffmann is a masterful, sure-footed guide over the challenging intellectual landscape he surveys, leading readers carefully through a dense forest of high-scholastic authors, their various Latin texts, and their involute and subtle arguments on free will, evil, and angelic sin. … this excellent book … should be read by all who are interested in medieval scholastic angelology, the nature of free will, and the origin and reality of moral evil.' Franklin T. Harkins, Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies

'In many instances, what is most salutary about the scholastic theologians of the middle ages is not their individual answers to questions, but their ability to isolate questions, and their sense for the kinds of rational and authoritative considerations that must be faced straightforwardly in pursuit of the intellectus fidei – the intellection of the faith. For anyone interested in such pursuits, our medieval forebears are eminently worthy of our imitation. Theologians are indebted to Hoffmann for making these minds, their arguments, and above all their intellectual spirit, more readily accessible.' Justus Hunter, International Journal of Systematic Theology